Australia’s states and territories have legislation mandating the notification of cancer diagnoses and national cancer incidence data are available from these sources for the years 1982 to 2017. Projected estimates of annual cancer diagnoses are also available for the years 2018 to 2021.1
Charts
About this measure
Cancer incidence data, as presented in this report, refer to the number of new cases of cancer diagnosed each year. They can be presented as absolute numbers or as rates. Rates are often age-standardised to remove the influence of age for comparing different populations, as the likelihood of being diagnosed with most types of cancer increases with age.1 Age-specific rates are used to compare cancer incidence between different age groups.
Age-standardised and age-specific data are made available each year by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) for individual cancer types and cancer groupings. These tumour types and groupings are classified using ICD-10 coding.1
Estimated international cancer incidence data are available through theGlobal Cancer Observatory (GCO) project; these data are age-standardised to the age structure of the world population in 2020.2 International comparisons are made using this NCCI indicator for 15 selected developed countries across five continents. The selected countries are Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, USA and Uruguay.
Current status
All cancers combined (ICD-10 codes C00–C97, D45, D46, D47.1, D47.3–D47.5, except basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin which are part of C44)
In 2017, there were 139,413 new cases of cancer diagnosed in Australia (76,798 males and 62,615 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 150,782 new cases of cancer were diagnosed in Australia (80,371 males and 70,411 females).
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 492 cases per 100,000 persons (565 for males and 430 for females per 100,000 persons).1 Cancer incidence rates increased with age; this effect was more pronounced in males than females, a difference that was most apparent in age groups of 55–59 years and older.1 In 2021, the estimated age-standardised incidence rate reduced to 486 cases per 100,000 persons (537 for males and 444 for females per 100,000 persons). The estimated incidence rate for all cancers combined increased with age to 85-89 years, then decreased.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
Limited data are available on cancer incidence for Indigenous Australians, due to insufficient consistency of Indigenous status data in some jurisdictions. Data of sufficient consistency are considered to be available for New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, with these five jurisdictions accounting for 90% of Australia’s Indigenous population.3 The data provided here on cancer incidence rates for Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations are sourced from these five jurisdictions.
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was higher for Indigenous Australians (522.8 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (458.7 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 602.4 cases per 100,000 for males and 467.1 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 529.0 cases per 100,000 males and 399.9 cases per 100,000 females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (512.7 cases per 100,000 persons) in Inner Regional areas and lowest (463.7 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4 A similar pattern was observed for sex-specific age-standardised incidence rates during this period, with this pattern being more pronounced among males than among females.
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (508.5 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (481.4 cases per 100,000 persons) in the second-highest SES areas (SES 4).4 A similar pattern across SES areas was observed for males and females.
International comparisons
In 2020, compared with the selected developed countries, Australia was estimated to have experience the fourth-highest age-standardised incidence rate for all cancers combined (for this international comparison, data are for ICD-10 codes C00–C97, but not C44). The age-standardised incidence rate was fourth-highest for Australian males and third-highest for Australian females.2 Factors leading to higher rates would include lifestyle factors associated with high economic development, increased detection from population-based screening and other early detection procedures, and advanced diagnostic services.1,5 The estimated age-specific rates for Australian males and females for each age group were among the highest rates when compared with the selected comparison countries.2
Choose a cancer type below for further information:
Bladder was the 11th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among all persons in Australia in 2017 and is projected to remain the 11th in 2021.1
In 2017, there were 2,777 new cases of bladder cancer diagnosed in Australia (2,140 males and 637 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 3,066 new cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in Australia (2,369 males and 697 females).
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 9.4 cases per 100,000 persons (15.8 for males and 3.9 for females per 100,000 persons).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 9.3 cases per 100,000 persons (15.5 for males and 3.9 for females per 100,000 persons). The incidence rate for bladder cancer increased with age.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was similar for Indigenous Australians (11.1 cases per 100,000 persons) and non-Indigenous Australians (9.6 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 17.8 cases per 100,000 for males and 5.9 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 16.1 cases per 100,000 males and 4.2 cases per 100,000 females).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (10.6 cases per 100,000 persons) in Outer Regional areas and lowest (9.6 cases per 100,000 persons) in Major Cities and Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (10.9 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (9.1 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rates for bladder cancer in Australian males and females were in the low to middle of the distribution range when compared with rates for the selected developed countries.2
Brain cancer was the 17th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among all persons in Australia in 2017. In 2021, it was estimated to be the 18th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among females.1
In 2017, there were 1,809 new cases of brain cancer diagnosed in Australia (1,102 males and 707 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 1,896 new cases of brain cancer were diagnosed in Australia (1,171 males and 725 females).
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 6.7 cases per 100,000 persons (8.4 for males and 5.0 for females per 100,000 persons).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 6.5 cases per 100,000 persons (8.2 for males and 4.8 for females per 100,000 persons). The incidence rate for brain cancer increases with age to 85-89 years, then decreases.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower for Indigenous Australians (4.8 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (6.6 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 4.9 cases per 100,000 for males and 4.6 cases per 100,000 for females). The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 8.1 cases per 100,000 for males and 5.1 cases per 100,000 for females).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (7.1 cases per 100,000 persons) in Inner Regional areas and lowest (5.2 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4
During the same period, there was little variation in the age-standardised incidence rate by SES area, ranging from 6.5 cases per 100,000 persons in SES 1 areas to 6.9 cases per 100,000 persons in SES 3 and SES 5 areas. However, caution is advised when interpreting variations by remoteness and SES, due to statistical instability from the low numbers for brain cancers.4
International comparisons
International data are available for brain and central nervous system cancers combined (ICD-10 codes C70–72). In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rates for brain and central nervous system cancers in Australian males was ranked as the fifth-highest incidence rate, and for females as the ninth-highest, compared to the selected developed countries.2
In 2017, breast cancer was the second most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia for all persons overall. It was estimated to be the most commonly diagnosed cancer in 2021 among persons overall and among females.1
In 2017, there were 17,726 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed in Australia (137 males and 17,589 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 20,030 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in Australia (164 males and 19,866 females).
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 64.8 cases per 100,000 persons (1.0 for males and 124.8 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 67.8 cases per 100,000 persons (1.1 for males and 130.4 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for breast cancer increases with age for both males and females, peaking at age 70–74 years for females.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower among Indigenous females (107.9 cases per 100,000 females) than among non-Indigenous females (120.8 cases per 100,000 females).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (126.9 cases per 100,000 females) in Major Cities and lowest (107.1 cases per 100,000 females) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (137.9 cases per 100,000 females) in the highest SES areas (SES 5) and lowest (116.7 cases per 100,000 females) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rate for breast cancer in Australian females was the third highest when compared with female breast cancer rates for the selected developed countries.2
Cervical cancer was the 14th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among females in Australia in 2017. In 2021, it was estimated to be the 13th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among females.1
In 2017, there were 839 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed in Australia.1 In 2021, it is estimated that 913 new cases of cervical cancer were diagnosed in Australia.
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 6.6 cases per 100,000 females.1 Cervical cancer incidence was higher among women in their 30s and 40s than 50s and 60s.1 This finding should be considered in the context of the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP), which from 1991 to 2017 was directed at biennial screening of women aged from 20 years to 69 years.5 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 6.8 cases per 100,000 females. The incidence rate for cervical cancer is highest for age group 40-44 years, followed by age groups 35-39and 30–34 years.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was higher among Indigenous females (14.5 cases per 100,000 females) than among non-Indigenous females (6.4 cases per 100,000 females).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (10.0 cases per 100,000 females) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined, and lowest (6.7 cases per 100,000 females) in Major Cities.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (8.9 cases per 100,000 females) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (5.9 cases per 100,000 females) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the age-standardised rate for cervical cancer estimated for Australian females was low compared with the selected developed countries.2
Colorectal cancer was the third most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017. It is estimated that it was the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in 2021.1
In 2017, there were 15,206 new cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed in Australia (8,173 males and 7,033 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 15,540 new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed in Australia (8,247 males and 7,293 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with colorectal cancer by their 85th birthday was 1 in 14 (1 in 12 males and 1 in 17 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 53.3 cases per 100,000 persons (60.7 for males and 46.7 for females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate reduced to 49.7 cases per 100,000 persons (55.7 for males and 44.3 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for colorectal cancer increases with age, peaking at age 85-89 years.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower for Indigenous Australians (49.9 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (54.6 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 58.9 cases per 100,000 for males and 42.9 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 63.5 cases per 100,000 for males and 46.6 cases per 100,000 for females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (61.7 cases per 100,000 persons) in Outer Regional areas and lowest (54.2 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (60.5 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (51.8 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the age-standardised rates for colorectal and anal cancer combined for Australian males and females were estimated to be at the higher end of the range when compared with the selected developed countries.2
In 2017, there were 10,486 new cases of colon cancer diagnosed in Australia (5,303 males and 5,183 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 10,876 new cases of colon cancer were diagnosed in Australia (5,425 males and 5,451 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with colon cancer by their 85th birthday would be 1 in 20 (1 in 18 males and 1 in 22 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 36.6 cases per 100,000 persons (39.5 for males and 34.1 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate reduced to 34.6 cases per 100,000 persons (36.6 for males and 32.7 for females per 100,000).1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower for Indigenous Australians (33.9 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (36.9 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 35.9 cases per 100,000 for males and 32.3 cases per 100,000 for females). The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 40.5 cases per 100,000 for males and 33.8 cases per 100,000 for females).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
The age-standardised incidence rate in 2012–2016 was highest (41.7 cases per 100,000 persons) in Outer Regional areas and lowest (36.6 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate varied to a lesser degree by SES area; the rate was highest (40.6 and 40.3 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1 and 2 respectively) and lowest (35.6 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
In 2017, there were 4,720 new cases of rectal cancer diagnosed in Australia (2,869 males and 1,850 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 4,662 new cases of rectal cancer were diagnosed in Australia (2,820 males and 1,842 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with rectal cancer by their 85th birthday would be 1 in 43 (1 in 32 males and 1 in 65 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 16.7 cases per 100,000 persons (21.2 for males and 12.6 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate reduced to 15.2 cases per 100,000 persons (19.1 for males and 11.6 for females per 100,000).1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower for Indigenous Australians (15.9 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (17.6 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 23.1 cases per 100,000 for males and 10.6 cases per 100,000 for females). The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 23.0 cases per 100,000 for males and 12.8 cases per 100,000 for females).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
The age-standardised incidence rate in 2012–2016 was highest (20.0 cases per 100,000 persons) in Outer Regional areas and lowest (17.6 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (19.9 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (16.2 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
Head and neck cancer was the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017. It is estimated that it remained the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in 2021.1
In 2017, there were 4,489 new cases of head and neck cancer diagnosed in Australia (3,355 males and 1,134 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 5,104 new cases of head and neck cancer were diagnosed in Australia (3,755 males and 1,349 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with head and neck cancer by their 85th birthday would be 1 in 48 (1 in 32 males and 1 in 92 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 15.9 cases per 100,000 persons (24.7 for males and 7.7 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 16.7 cases per 100,000 persons (25.5 for males and 8.4 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for head and neck cancer is expected to increase with age, peaking at age groups 70-74 and 80-84 years.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was higher for Indigenous Australians (28.0 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (15.4 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 44.5 cases per 100,000 males and 14.0 cases per 100,000 females). The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 23.3 cases per 100,000 males and 7.9 cases per 100,000 females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
The age-standardised incidence rate in 2012–2016 was highest (26.6 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined and lowest (15.8 cases per 100,000 persons) in Major Cities.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (21.1 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (13.7 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
Comparable international data are not available for head and neck cancers (including lip).
Liver cancer was the 14th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017. It is estimated that it was the 12th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in 2021.1
In 2017, there were 2,174 new cases of liver cancer diagnosed in Australia (1,558 males and 616 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 2,832 new cases of liver cancer were diagnosed in Australia (2,050 males and 782 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with liver cancer by their 85th birthday would be 1 in 90 (1 in 61 males and 1 in 167 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons (11.3 for males and 4.1 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate increased to 8.9 cases per 100,000 persons (13.6 for males and 4.7 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for liver cancer is expected to increase with age, peaking at age groups 85–89 and 80−84 years.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was higher for Indigenous Australians (16.9 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (7.3 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 27.5 cases per 100,000 males and 8.2 cases per 100,000 females). The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 11.2 cases per 100,000 males and 3.8 cases per 100,000 females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (8.9 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined and lowest (6.6 cases per 100,000 persons) in Inner Regional areas.4 However, caution is advised when interpreting variations by remoteness, due to statistical instability from the low incidence of liver cancer.
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (9.4 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1), and lowest (5.9 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rates for liver cancer in Australian males and females were in the middle of the distribution range of rates when compared with the selected developed countries.2
Lung cancer was the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017. It is estimated that it remained the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in 2021.1
In 2017, there were 12,585 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed in Australia (7,058 males and 5,527 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 13,810 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed in Australia (7,460 males and 6,350 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with lung cancer by their 85th birthday was 1 in 17 (1 in 15 males and 1 in 21 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 43.2 cases per 100,000 persons (51.6 for males and 36.2 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 42.6 cases per 100,000 persons (48.8 for males and 37.4 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for lung cancer is expected to increase with age, peaking at age 80–84 years.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower for Indigenous Australians (16.2 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (39.7 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 23.5 cases per 100,000 for males and 11.2 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 49.1 cases per 100,000 males and 31.7 cases per 100,000 females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (51.2 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined and lowest (42.2 cases per 100,000 persons) in Major Cities.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (54.9 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (31.2 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rates for lung cancers in Australian males and females were in the lower to middle of the distribution range of rates for the selected developed countries.2
Melanoma skin cancer was the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017. It is estimated that it was the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in 2021.1
In 2017, there were 14,846 new cases of melanoma skin cancer diagnosed in Australia (8,747 males and 6,099 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 16,878 new cases of melanoma skin cancer were diagnosed in Australia (9,869 males and 7,009 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with melanoma skin cancer by their 85th birthday would be 1 in 17 (1 in 13 males and 1 in 21 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 53.5 cases per 100,000 persons (65.5 for males and 43.0 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 55.3 cases per 100,000 persons (66.9 for males and 45.1 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for melanoma skin cancer is expected to increase with age.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower for Indigenous Australians (16.2 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (39.7 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 23.5 cases per 100,000 for males and 11.2 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 49.1 cases per 100,000 males and 31.7 cases per 100,000 females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (62.0 cases per 100,000 persons) in Inner Regional areas, and lowest (44.7 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (55.5 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5) and lowest (46.7 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rates for melanoma of the skin in Australian males and females were the highest in the world among the selected developed countries, followed by New Zealand and the Netherlands for all persons, males and females.2
In 2017, there were 5,619 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed in Australia (3,235 males and 2,384 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 6,402 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were diagnosed in Australia (3,694 males and 2,708 females).1 Non-Hodgkin was the 6th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among all persons in Australia in 2017. In 2021, it was estimated to remain as the 6th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among all persons combined.
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 19.8 cases per 100,000 persons (24.0 for males and 16.0 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 20.4 cases per 100,000 persons (24.9 for males and 16.5 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is expected to increase with age, peaking at age 80–84 yeas.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower for Indigenous Australians (14.6 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (17.8 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 18.9 cases per 100,000 for males and 11.3 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 21.7 cases per 100,000 for males and 14.4 cases per 100,000 for females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (19.8 cases per 100,000 persons) in Major Cities and lowest (14.5 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate varied to a lesser degree by SES area; the rate was highest (20.0 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5), and lowest (18.8 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1).4
International comparisons
International data are available for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other and unspecified malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic and related tissue (ICD-10 codes C82–86 and C96). In 2020, the estimated age-standardised incidence rates for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other and unspecified malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic and related tissue were the highest in Australian males and females when compared with the selected developed countries.2
Oesophageal cancer was the 20th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017. It is estimated to remain the 20th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in 2021 for all persons combined.1
In 2017, there were 1,570 new cases of oesophageal cancer diagnosed in Australia (1,142 males and 427 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 1,649 new cases of oesophageal cancer will be diagnosed in Australia (1,201 males and 448 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with oesophageal cancer by their 85th birthday would be 1 in 136 (1 in 94 males and 1 in 236 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 5.4 cases per 100,000 persons (8.3 for males and 2.7 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 5.1 cases per 100,000 persons (7.8 for males and 2.6 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for oesophageal cancer is expected to generally increase with age.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was higher for Indigenous Australians (10.9 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (5.1 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 16.7 cases per 100,000 for males and 5.9 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 7.7 cases per 100,000 for males and 2.7 cases per 100,000 for females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (6.3 cases per 100,000 persons) in both Outer Regional and Remote and Very Remote areas combined and lowest (4.9 cases per 100,000 persons) in Major Cities.4 However, caution is advised when interpreting variations by remoteness, due to statistical instability from the low incidence of oesophageal cancer.
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (6.3 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1), and lowest (4.7 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rates for oesophageal cancer for Australian males and females were in the middle of the distribution range when compared with the selected developed countries.2
Ovarian cancer was the tenth most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among females in Australia in 2017.1
In 2017, there were 1,301 new cases of ovarian cancer diagnosed in Australia.1 In 2021, it is estimated that 1,510 new cases of ovarian cancer were diagnosed in Australia. In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of a female being diagnosed with ovarian cancer by her 85th birthday would be 1 in 84. In 2021 it is estimated that 1,720 new cases of ovarian and other serous carcinomas of the fallopian tube (C56 (all histologies) C57, C57.8 (with histologies 8441, 8460, 8461) will be diagnosed in Australia.1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 9.0 cases per 100,000 females.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate remained at 9.8 cases per 100,000 females. The incidence rate for ovarian cancer is expected to increase with age.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was the same among Indigenous females (9.7 cases per 100,000 females) as non-Indigenous females (9.7 cases per 100,000 females).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (10.1 cases per 100,000 females) in Major Cities and lowest (7.1 cases per 100,000 females) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4 However, caution is advised when interpreting variations by remoteness, due to the low incidence of ovarian cancer.
During the same period, there was little variation in the age-standardised incidence rate by SES area, ranging from 10.7 cases per 100,000 females in SES 2 area to 11.9 cases per 100,000 females in SES 3 areas.4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised incidence rate for ovarian cancer in Australian females was the equal second lowest when compared with the selected developed countries.2
Pancreatic cancer was the 8th most diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017. It is estimated that it will remain as the 8th most diagnosed cancer recorded in 2021 for all persons combined.1
In 2017, there were 3,648 new cases of pancreatic cancer diagnosed in Australia (1,912 males and 1,736 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 4,261 new cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed in Australia (2,213 males and 2,048 females per 100,000). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer by their 85th birthday would 1 in 62 (1 in 55 males and 1 in 71 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 12.5 cases per 100,000 persons (14.1 for males and 11.2 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 13.2 cases per 100,000 persons (14.7 for males and 11.9 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for pancreatic cancer is expected to increase with age.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was higher for Indigenous Australians (18.3 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (11.5 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 20.3 cases per 100,000 for males and 16.5 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 13.0 cases per 100,000 for males and 10.1cases per 100,000 for females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was similar across remoteness areas, ranging from 11.2 cases per 100,000 persons in Remote and Very Remote areas combined to 12.0 cases per 100,000 persons in Major Cities.4
During the same period, the age-standardised rate was highest (12.9 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (11.3 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rates for pancreatic cancer in Australian males and females were in the middle of the distribution range when compared with the selected developed countries.2
Prostate cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017, and it was also the most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among males. It is estimated to become the second most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in 2021, while remaining the most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among males.1
In 2017, there were 20,672 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in Australia.1 In 2021, it is estimated that 18,110 new cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed in Australia. In 2019, it is estimated that the risk of a male being diagnosed with prostate cancer by his 85th birthday would be 1 in 6 males.1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 146.5 cases per 100,000 males.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate decreased to 116.8 cases per 100,000 males. The incidence rate for prostate cancer is expected to increase with age, peaking at ages 70–74 and 75-79 years.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was lower among Indigenous males (117.2 cases per 100,000 males) than non-Indigenous males (140.4 cases per 100,000 males).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (151.5 cases per 100,000 males) in Inner Regional areas and lowest (122.8 cases per 100,000 males) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined.4
During the same period, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (168.8 cases per 100,000 males) in the highest SES areas (SES 5) and lowest (136.5 cases per 100,000 males) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1).4
International comparisons
In 2020, the estimated age-standardised rate for prostate cancer in Australian males was in the middle of the distribution range when compared with the selected developed countries.2
Cancer of unknown primary site was the 12th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in Australia in 2017. It is estimated that it was the 15th most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded in 2021.1
In 2017, there were 2,464 new cases of cancer of unknown primary site diagnosed in Australia (1,332 males and 1,133 females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 2,353 new cases of cancer of unknown primary site were diagnosed in Australia (1,305 males and 1,048 females). In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with cancer of unknown primary site by their 85th birthday would be 1 in 96 (1 in 78 males and 1 in 120 females).1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 8.2 cases per 100,000 persons (9.9 for males and 6.7 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate decreased to 7.0 cases per 100,000 persons (8.7 for males and 5.5 for females per 100,000). The incidence rate for cancer of unknown primary site is expected to increase with age.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012−2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was higher for Indigenous Australians (18.2 cases per 100,000 persons) than for non-Indigenous Australians (8.5 per 100,000 persons). The age-standardised rate for the Indigenous population was 17.4 cases per 100,000 for males and 18.2 cases per 100,000 for females. The age-standardised incidence rate for the non-Indigenous population during the same period was 10.3 cases per 100,000 for males and 7.0 cases per 100,000 for females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (12.4 cases per 100,000 persons) in Remote and Very Remote areas combined and lowest (8.6 cases per 100,000 persons) in Major Cities.4
During the same period, the age-standardised rate was highest (11.1 cases per 100,000 persons) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1) and lowest (7.2 cases per 100,000 persons) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
Comparable international data are not available for cancer of unknown primary site.
Uterine cancer was the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among females in Australia in 2017. It is estimated that it remained the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer recorded among females in 2021.1
In 2017, there were 2,802 new cases of uterine cancer diagnosed in Australia.1 In 2021, it is estimated that 3,267 new cases of uterine cancer would be diagnosed in Australia. In 2021, it is estimated that the risk of a female being diagnosed with uterine cancer by her 85th birthday would be 1 in 40.1
In 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate was 19.1 cases per 100,000 females.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 20.4 cases per 100,000 females. The incidence rate for uterine cancer is expected to increase with age, peaking at age 65–69 years.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In the period 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was higher among Indigenous females (28.0 cases per 100,000 females) than among non-Indigenous females (17.9 cases per 100,000 females).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
In 2012–2016, the age-standardised incidence rate was highest (19.0 cases per 100,000 females) in Major Cities and similar in other areas (ranging from 18.4 to 18.8 cases per 100,000 females).4 However, caution is advised when interpreting variations by remoteness, due to statistical instability from the low incidence numbers for uterine cancer.
During the same period, the age-standardised rate was highest (20.0 cases per 100,000 females) in the lowest SES areas (SES 1), and lowest (17.2 cases per 100,000 females) in the highest SES areas (SES 5).4
International comparisons
International data are available for uterine cancer for the ICD-10 code C54 only. In 2020, the age-standardised rate for uterine cancer in Australian females was in the middle of the distribution range for the in selected developed countries.2
Trends
All cancers combined (ICD-10 codes C00–C97, D45, D46, D47.1, D47.3–D47.5, except basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin which are part of C44)
The number of annual cancer diagnoses increased from 47,466 in 1982 to 139,413 in 2017 (from 25,423 to 76,798 among males and from 22,043 to 62,615 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 150,782 new cases of cancer were diagnosed in Australia (80,371 males and 70,411females).1
The age–standardised incidence rate increased from 383.5 cases per 100,000 persons (472.5 for males and 328.4 for females per 100,000) in 1982 to 492.1 in 2017 (564.9 for males and 429.9 for females per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate reduced to 486.1 cases per 100,000 persons (536.7 for males and 443.7 for females per 100,000).1 The trend in the age-standardised incidence rate for males is strongly influenced by changes in the incidence rate of prostate cancer—the most common cancer recorded in cancer registries for males—as a result of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing.1 The rate for females has been strongly influenced by the trend in the incidence rate of breast cancer. The introduction of population screening through BreastScreen Australia has contributed to the increased detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.1
Annual age-specific incidence rates have been calculated for 25-year age groups (i.e., 0–24, 25–49, 50–74, and 75+ years) from1982 to the most recent year (2017). From 1982 to 2017, increases have generally been observed in age-specific incidence rates for all age groups, with the largest increases occurring among women aged 75+ years.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
Trend data are available for individual years over the period 1998 to 2013. Rates can vary from year to year, so caution is advised when comparing data between individual years. From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate for Indigenous Australians increased from 398 to 500 new cases per 100,000 persons.
Among males, the age-standardised incidence rate increased from 394 in 1998 to 545 in 2013 per 100,000. Among females, the age-standardised incidence rate increased from 416 in 1998 to 467 in 2013 per 100,000. Analysis of the trends for Indigenous males, females, and persons showed that these increases were statistically signficant.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates in each remoteness area remained similar, except in Inner Regional areas where a decrease was observed.4,6
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates in each SES area remained similar, except in the most disadvantaged areas (SES 1) where an increase was observed.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
Choose a cancer type below for further information:
The number of annual bladder cancer diagnoses increased from 2,146 in 1982 to 2,777 in 2017 (from 1,569 to 2,140 among males and from 577 to 637 among females).1 The increase in annual diagnoses mostly occurred after the year 2000. In 2021, it is estimated that 3,066 new cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in Australia (2,369 males and 697 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate decreased from 17.8 cases per 100,000 persons (30.8 for males and 8.6 for females per 100,000) in 1982 to 10.1 (17.2 for males and 4.5 for females per 100,000) in 2004 and has remained mostly steady to 2017 (9.4 for persons, 15.8 among males and 3.9 among females per 100.000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 9.3 cases per 100,000 persons (15.5 for males and 3.9for females per 100,000).1
From 1982 to 2017, age-specific incidence rates generally remained stable among males and females aged under 50 years, but steadily decreased among those 50 years and over, although stabilising in this age group since the late 1990s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate for Indigenous Australians was 7.1 new cases per 100,000 persons. Although lower than the rate of 12.0 per 100,000 in 1998, there were major fluctuations by year and the trend over time was not significant across 1998-2013. Similarly, among Indigenous males and females, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates in each remoteness area remained similar, except in Remote and Very Remote areas combined where a decrease was observed.4,6
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates for each SES area remained similar.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual brain cancer diagnoses increased from 854 in 1982 to 1,809 in 2017 (from 491 to 1,102 among males and from 363 to 707 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 1,896 new cases of brain cancer were diagnosed in Australia (1,171 males and 725 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate increased from 6.3 cases per 100,000 persons (7.5 for males and 5.1 for females per 100,000) in 1982 to 6.7 (8.4 for males and 5.0 for females per 100,000) in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 was 6.5 cases (8.2 for males and 4.8 for females).1
Age specific incidence rates have generally remained stable among males and females aged under 75 years, but increased by age for ages of 75 years and over since 1982, and stabilized in this age group since the late 1990s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
Trend data for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples for brain cancer are not available.
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
Trend data for remoteness and SES areas for brain cancer are not available.
The number of annual breast cancer diagnoses increased from 5,377 in 1982 to 17,725 in 2017 (from 5,316 to 17,589 among females and from 61 to 137 among males).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 20,030 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in Australia (164 males and 19,866 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 females increased steadily from 81.1 cases in 1982 to 116.5 in 1995, thereafter increasing more slowly to 124.8 in 2017. For males, the age-standardised incidence rate was largely unchanged during the period (1.2 in 1982 and 1.0 in 2017 per 100,000).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 67.8 cases per 100,000 persons (1.1 for males and 130.4 for females per 100.000).1
Age-specific incidence rates increased for females aged 25 years and over, with the largest increases occurring among females aged 50–74 years.1 This should be considered in the context of the BreastScreen Australia program which has been active since the 1990s and has actively targeted women within this age range to increase early detection (see NCCI Indicator – Breast screening rates).
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates increased slightly among females in each remoteness area, except in Inner Regional areas where the rate remained unchanged.4,6
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates among females in each SES area increased slightly.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual cervical cancer diagnoses initially increased from 966 in 1982 to 1,144 in 1994, then decreased to 695 in 2002, and has since increased steadily to 839 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that 913 new cases of cervical cancer would be diagnosed in Australia.1
The age-standardised incidence rate decreased from 14.3 cases per 100,000 females in 1982 to 6.6 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate would be 6.8 cases per 100,000 females.1 The decrease in incidence is partly attributed to effects of the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP) which commenced in 1991, as well as state-based cervical screening programs which were active prior to the NCSP.5
Age-specific incidence rates have decreased among all females aged 25 years and over, although stabilising in the 25–49 and 50–74 age groups since the early 2000s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates among females in each remoteness area remained similar, except in Outer Regional areas where a slight increase was observed.4,6
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates among females in each SES area remained similar.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual colorectal cancer diagnoses increased from 6,994 in 1982 to 15,206 in 2017 (from 3,530 to 8,173 among males and from 3,464 to 7,033 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 15,540 new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed in Australia (8,247 males and 7,293 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased steadily from 58.3 cases in 1982 to a peak of 66.0 in 2000 and 66.4 in 2001 before decreasing to 53.3 in 2017.1 This trend was largely due to changes in the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 among males, which increased from 66.7 in 1982 to 80.7 in 2000 and 79.3 in 2001 and then decreased to 60.7 in 2017. Among females, the rate was relatively unchanged, with an age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 of 52.2 in 1982 and 46.7 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate reduced to 49.7 cases per 100,000 persons (55.7 for males and 44.3 for females per 100,000).1
Age-specific incidence rates since the 1990s have generally been in decline among males and females aged 50–74 years, and have plateaued among males and females aged 75 years and over.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate for Indigenous Australians was 46.1 new cases per 100,000 persons, and had increased significantly since 1998 when the rate was 35.1 new cases per 100,000 persons. The age-standardised incidence rate also increased significantly for Indigenous males (36.0 in 1998, 47.8 in 2013), and has increased, but not significantly, for Indigenous females (35.0 in 1998, 43.0 in 2013).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
Trend data for remoteness and SES areas for colorectal cancer are not available.
The number of annual colon cancer diagnoses increased from 4,563 in 1982 to 10,486 in 2017 (from 2,145 to 5,303 among males and from 2,418 to 5,183 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 10,876 new cases of colon cancer would be diagnosed in Australia (5,425 males and 5,451 females).1
The trend in the age-standardised incidence rate for colon cancer was similar to that for colorectal cancer, increasing from 38.3 cases per 100,000 persons in 1982 to 43.8 per 100,000 in 2001 and then decreasing to 36.6 per 100,000 in 2017. This trend was largely due to changes in the age-standardised incidence rate among males, which increased from 41.0 cases per 100,000 males in 1982 to 50.1 per 100,000 in 2000 and then decreased to 39.5 per 100,000 in 2017. Among females, the rate was relatively unchanged, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 36.4 cases per 100,000 females in 1982 and 34.1 per 100,000 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate reduced to 34.6 cases per 100,000 persons (36.6 for males and 32.7 for females per 100,000).1
Trends for age-specific colon cancer incidence rates were similar to those for colorectal cancer, generally showing a decline among males and females aged 50–74 years, and increasing among males and females aged 75 years and over since the 1990s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
Trend data for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples for colon cancer are not available.
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates in each remoteness area remained similar, except in Inner Regional areas where a slight decrease was observed.4,6
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each SES area, except in the least disadvantaged areas (SES 4 ans SES5) where a slight decrease was observed.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual rectal cancer diagnoses increased from 2,431 in 1982 to 5,003 in 2007 (from 1,385 to 3,103 among males and from 1,046 to 1,900 among females), but has since plateaued, reaching 4,720 in 2017 (2,869 among males, 1,850 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 4,662new cases of rectal cancer were diagnosed in Australia (2,820 males and 1,842 females).1
The trend in the age-standardised incidence rate for rectal cancer was similar to that of colorectal and colon cancer, increasing from 20.0 cases per 100,000 persons in 1982 to a peak of 22.6 per 100,000 in 2000 and 2001 before decreasing to 16.7 per 100,000 in 2017. This trend was largely due to changes in the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 among males, which increased from 25.7 in 1982 to 30.6 in 2000 and then decreased to 21.2 in 2017. Among females the rate was relatively unchanged, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 15.8 per 100,000 in 1982 and 12.6 per 100,000 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate reduced to 15.2 cases per 100,000 persons (19.1 for males and 11.6 for females per 100,000).1
Age-specific incidence rates since the 2000s have generally been in decline among males and females aged 50 years and over, with the largest decreases occurring among males and females aged 75 years and over.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
Trend data for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples for rectal cancer are not available.
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates in each remoteness area remained similar, except in Inner Regional areas where a slight decrease was observed.4,6
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each SES area, except in the least disadvantaged areas (SES 5) where a slight decrease was observed.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual head and neck cancer diagnoses increased from 2,473 in 1982 to 4,489 in 2017 (from 1,942 to 3,355 among males and from 531 to 1,134 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 5,104 new cases of head and neck cancer were diagnosed in Australia (3,755 males and 1,349 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate decreased from 19.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1982 to 15.9 per 100,000 in 2017. Among males, the age-standardised incidence rate decreased from 32.4 in 1982 to 24.7 in 2017 per 100,000. Among females, the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 was relatively unchanged at 7.9 in 1982 and 7.7 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 was 16.7 cases (25.5 for males and 8.4 for females per 100,000).1
Since the 1990s, age-specific incidence rates have generally decreased among males and, to a lesser extent, females aged 50 years and over, although stabilising in these age groups in the 2000s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous males, females, and persons overall.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each remoteness or SES area.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual liver cancer diagnoses increased steadily from 228 in 1982 to 2,174 in 2017 (from 167 to 1,558 among males and from 61 to 616 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 2,832 new cases of liver cancer were diagnosed in Australia (2,050 males and 782 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased from 1.8 cases (2.9 for males and 0.9 for females) in 1982 to 7.6 in 2017 (11.3 for males and 4.1 for females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased to 8.9 cases (13.6 for males and 4.7 for females).1
Since the 1980s, age-specific incidence rates have increased for males and females aged 50 years and over.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous males, females, and persons overall.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates in each remoteness area remained similar, except in Remote and Very Remote areas combined where a slight increase was observed.4,6
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each SES area, except in the most disadvantaged area (SES 1) where a slight increase was observed.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual lung cancer diagnoses increased from 5,948 in 1982 to 12,585 in 2017 (from 4,688 to 7,058 among males and from 1,260 to 5,527 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 13,810 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed in Australia (7,460 males and 6,350 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 decreased from 47.1 cases in 1982 to 43.2 in 2017. Among males the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 decreased from 85.0 in 1982 to 51.6 in 2017, but among females the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased from 18.2 in 1982 to 36.2 in 2017.1 The different trends in lung cancer incidence rates in males and females are attributed to the different trends in cigarette smoking prevalence some 20 years earlier. Smoking uptake increased in the early part of the 20th century and declined in the latter half of that century.7 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 42.6 cases per 100,000 persons (48.8 for males and 37.4 for females per 100,000).1
Age-specific incidence rates have decreased for males, particularly among those aged 50 years and over. Among females aged 50 years and over, age-specific incidence rates have increased.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate for Indigenous Australians was 87.5 new cases per 100,000 persons, and had increased significantly since 1998 when the rate was 62.2 new cases per 100,000 persons. The age-standardised incidence rate also increased significantly for Indigenous females (80.9 in 1998, 44.3 in 2013), and has increased, but not significantly, for Indigenous males (82.3 in 1998, 95.6 in 2013).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates in each remoteness area remained similar, except in Inner Regional areas where a slight decrease was observed.4,6
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each SES area, except in the most disadvantaged area (SES 1) where a slight increase was observed.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual melanoma diagnoses increased from 3,543 in 1982 to 14,846 in 2017 (from 1,740 to 8,747 among males and from 1,803 to 6,099 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 16,878 new cases of melanoma skin cancer were diagnosed in Australia (9,869 males and 7,009 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased steadily from 26.7 cases persons in 1982 to 53.5 in 2017. Among males, the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased from 27.9 in 1982 to 62.5 in 2005, and then remained steady since at 65.5 in 2017. Among females, the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased from 26.3 in 1982 to 43.4 in 2005 and 43.0 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 55.3 cases per 100,000 persons (66.9 for males and 45.1 for females per 100,000).
Age-specific incidence rates have increased among males and, to a lesser extent, females aged 50 years and over.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous males, females, and persons overall.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each remoteness or SES area.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnoses increased from 1,591 in 1982 to 5,619 in 2017 (from 831 to 3,235 among males and from 760 to 2,384 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 6,402 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were diagnosed in Australia (3,694 males and 2,708 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased from 12.7 cases per 100,000 persons (14.6 for males and 11.3 for females) in 1982 to 19.8 in 2017 (24.0 for males and 16.0 for females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 was 20.4 cases (24.9 for males and 16.5 for females).1
Age-specific incidence rates have increased since the early 1980s mainly for males and females in the 75+ year age range. A similar trend was observed for males and females aged 50–74 years, although stabilising in females since the 2000s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
In 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate for Indigenous Australians was 15.7 new cases per 100,000 persons, and had increased significantly since 1998 when the rate was 4.2 new cases per 100,000 persons. The age-standardised incidence rate also increased significantly for Indigenous females (4.0 in 1998, 14.3 in 2013 per 100,000), but due to wide annual fluctuations, there was no statistically significant increase for Indigenous males (note: despite an increase from 4.4 in 1998 to 16.8 in 2013 per 100,000).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each remoteness or SES area.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual oesophageal cancer diagnoses increased from 537 in 1982 to 1,570 in 2017 (from 317 to 1,142 among males and from 220 to 427 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 1,649 new cases of oesophageal cancer were diagnosed in Australia (1,201 males and 448 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased slightly from 4.4 cases in 1982 to 5.4 in 2017. Among males, the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased from 5.7 in 1982 to 9.0 in 2010, and since decreased slightly to 8.3 in 2017. Among females, the age-standardised rate per 100,000 increased slightly from 3.2 in 1982 to 4.3 in 1988, and since decreased slightly to 2.7 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 was 5.1 cases per 100,000 persons (7.8 for males and 2.6 for females).1
Age-specific incidence rates have increased since 1982 among males aged 50 years and over, although they have plateaued since the 1990s. Among females aged 50 years and over, age-specific incidence rates have decreased since the 1990s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised cancer incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous males, females, and persons overall.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each remoteness or SES area.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual ovarian cancer diagnoses increased from 837 in 1982 to 1,301 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that 1,510 new cases of ovarian cancer would be diagnosed in Australia.1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 decreased from 12.5 cases per 100,000 females in 1982 to 9.0 cases per 100,000 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate would remain at 9.8 cases per 100,000 females.1
Age-specific incidence rates have decreased for females aged 50–74 years. Among females aged 75 years and over, age-specific incidence rates increased from the early 1980s to the early 2000s, but have since decreased.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous females.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each remoteness or SES area.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual pancreatic cancer diagnoses increased from 1,206 in 1982 to 3,648 in 2017 (from 700 to 1,912 among males and from 506 to 1,736 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 4,261 new cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed in Australia (2,213 males and 2,048 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased slightly from 10.0 cases in 1982 to 12.5 in 2017. Among males, the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 decreased from 13.4 in 1982 to 11.0 in 2004, and then increased to 14.1 in 2017. Among females, the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 increased from 7.5 in 1982 to 10.5 in 2011, and has since remained mostly unchanged (11.2 in 2017).1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 was 13.2 cases(14.7 for males and 11.9 for females).1
Age-specific incidence rates have generally remained steady, except for persons aged 75 years and over for whom which the rate has increased since the early 2000s among males and since 1982 among females.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous males, females, and persons overall.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each remoteness or SES area.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual prostate cancer diagnoses increased from 3,606 in 1982 to 22,157 in 2009, and then decreased to 20,672 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that 18,110 new cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed in Australia.1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 males increased from 79.8 cases in 1982, peaking in 1994 at 185.0 and again in 2009 at 197.6, and then decreasing to 146.5 in 2017. The increase is largely attributed to early-detection initiatives such as PSA testing. Since 2011, both the annual number of males accessing a Medicare-subsidised PSA test, and the number of tests supplied, has decreased.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate decreased to 116.8 cases per 100,000 males.1
Age-specific incidence rates per 100,000 males have increased for males aged 50–74 years from 135.8 cases in 1982, peaking in 1994 at 464.7 and again 594.8 in 2009. Among males aged 75 years and over, the age-specific rate has decreased since the early 1990s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous males.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates decreased to similar extent in each remoteness or SES area.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
The number of annual cancers of unknown primary site diagnoses increased from 2,141 in 1982 to 3,162 in 2002 (from 1,119 to 1,636 among males and from 1,022 to 1,526 among females) and have since decreased to 2,464 in 2017 (1,332 among males, 1,133 among females).1 In 2021, it is estimated that 2,353 new cases of cancer of unknown primary site were diagnosed in Australia (1,305 males and 1,048 females).1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 decreased from 18.0 cases (21.4 for males and 15.4 for females) in 1982 to 8.2 (9.9 for males and 6.7 for females) in 2017, although most of the decrease occurred since 2002 when the rate was 16.0.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 was 7.0 cases (8.7 for males and 5.5 for females).
Age-specific incidence rates have steadily decreased among males and females aged 50 years and over since the 1990s.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate did not change significantly for Indigenous males, females, and persons overall.3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
Trend data for remoteness and SES areas for cancer of unknown primary site are not available.
The number of annual uterine cancer diagnoses increased from 942 in 1982 to 2,802 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that 3,267 new cases of uterine cancer were diagnosed in Australia.1
The age-standardised incidence rate per 100,000 females increased from 13.9 cases in 1982 to 19.1 in 2017.1 In 2021, it is estimated that the age-standardised incidence rate was 20.4 cases per 100,000 females.1
Age-specific incidence rates have increased among females aged 50 years and over.1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
From 1998 to 2013, the age-standardised incidence rate increased significantly for Indigenous females (12.3 per 100,000 in 1998, 28.2 per 100,000 in 2013).3
Remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES)
From 2005–2009 to 2010–2014, age-specific incidence rates remained similar in each remoteness or SES area.4,6
Caution is advised when interpreting variations by SES area due to the different classifications and boundaries of areas between periods (see ‘About the Data’).
About the data
Cancer incidence indicates the number of new cancers diagnosed during a specified time period (usually one year). The major source of cancer incidence data is the Australian Cancer Database (ACD) which contains records of all primary, malignant cancers (except basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin) diagnosed in Australia since 1982.
All Australian states and territories have legislation that makes cancer a notifiable disease. Various designated bodies, i.e., institutions such as hospitals, pathology laboratories and registries of births, deaths and marriages, are required to report cancer cases and deaths to their jurisdictional cancer registries.
Each registry supplies incidence data annually to the AIHW under an agreement between the registries and the AIHW. These data are compiled into the ACD, the only repository of national cancer incidence data.
The 2017 ACD contains estimates of incidence for the Northern Territory in 2017, death-certificate-only cases for New South Wales in 2017, and estimates for late registrations for Australia in 2017 and the Northern Territory in 2016.
The ‘All ages combined’ group includes counts of people with unknown age. However, people with unknown age were excluded from calculations of rates.
‘All cancers combined’ comprises ICD-10 codes C00–C96, D45, D46, D47.1 and D47.3–D47.5 excluding those C44 codes that indicate a basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Ovarian cancer and serous carcinomas of the fallopian tubes' comprises ICD-10 codes C56 for all histology types and C57.0 and C57.8 with histology codes 8441, 8460–8461. This reporting group is likely more closely aligned to how ovarian cancer was historically understood.
Methodology
Remoteness
For 2012–2016 data, the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) 2016 was used to allocate participants to a remoteness area based on their area of usual residence, and for 2010–2014 data the now superseded Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) 2011 was used.
Socioeconomic status
The Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage (IRSD) was used to allocate participants to a SES quintile based on their area of usual residence.
For 2012–2016 data the 2016 IRSD was used, and for 2010–2014 data the 2011 IRSD was used.
Age standardisation
Australian incidence data for ‘all ages combined’ are age-standardised to the Australian population as at 30 June 2001 and are expressed per 100,000 population. These are calculated using the sum of estimated resident populations at 30 June for 2012–2016.
International incidence data are age-standardised to the World standard population at 2020, which generally give appreciably lower rates than standardisation to the Australian population due to differences in age weightings.8
International data
The GCO contains cancer incidence from cancer registries around the world. Various methodologies are applied to the GCO data differing by country and data availability. Incidence rates for Australia (in relation to international data), Canada, Germany, Ireland, Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States of America were observed and projected to 2020. Incidence rates for Chile, France and Japan were estimated from national mortality data by modelling, using mortality-to-incidence ratios derived from cancer registries in that country.2,8 Additional details on methodology and data availability can be found: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods.
Data presented for Korea is inclusive of the Republic of Korea only
Data sources
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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer data in Australia. Cat. no. CAN 122. [Accessed May 2022]; https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-data-in-australia
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International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today 2020. World Health Organization. Lyon, France. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/home
Data caveat
Reliable national data on the diagnosis of cancer for Indigenous Australians are not available nationally. All state and territory cancer registries collect information on Indigenous status; however, in some jurisdictions the coverage of Indigenous status data is regarded as too inconsistent for inclusion in national incidence analyses. Information in the ACD on Indigenous status is considered to be of sufficient consistency for New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Data for these five jurisdictions therefore were used to examine the incidence of cancer by Indigenous status.
References
Activity in this area
Data
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer data in Australia. Cat. no. CAN 122. [Accessed May 2022]; https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-data-in-australia
Social Health Atlases of Australia: Population Health areas – Cancer Incidence data. [Accessed July 2021]. Available from:https://phidu.torrens.edu.au/social-health-atlases/indicators-and-notes-on-the-data/social-health-atlases-of-australia-contents
References
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer data in Australia. Cat. no. CAN 122. [Accessed May 2022]; https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-data-in-australia
- Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2022). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France. [Accessed April 2022]; https://gco.iarc.fr/today.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018. Cancer in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia. Cat. no. CAN 109. Web report. Canberra: AIHW. [Accessed Oct 2021]; https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-in-indigenous-australians/contents/table-of-contents
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. AIHW Australian Cancer Database 2017. Canberra: AIHW.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2021. Cervical screening in Australia 2021. Cancer series no. 123. Cat. no. CAN 124. Canberra: AIHW.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. AIHW Australian Cancer Database 2011. Canberra: AIHW.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare & Cancer Australia 2011. Lung cancer in Australia: an overview. Cancer series no. 64. Cat. no. CAN 58. Canberra: AIHW.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer. Data and Methods: Cancer Today. Lyon, France [Accessed 22 May 2022]; https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods