Mortality-to-incidence ratio

Published

12 May, 2021

The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) is generally used as a high-level comparative measure to identify inequities in cancer outcomes. MIR is a cruder survival estimate than relative survival (see NCCI measures 5-year relative survival, 10-year relative survival). However due to its simplicity (it is calculated by dividing the mortality count by the incidence count in a given year), it allows international comparisons of survival due to the availability of high quality incidence and mortality data for most countries.¹

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Data sourced from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Cancer data in Australia (2020).

MIR for all cancers combined and for selected cancers, by sex, 1982 to 2016
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Data sourced from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN 2018 database

Mortality to Incidence ratio, selected countries, 2018

About this measure

The MIR provides a crude measure of the fatality of a selected cancer type relative to other cancers (higher MIR values indicate poorer survival).^1,2 The MIR can help to identify population groups with poorer survival outcomes which may warrant further investigation.^3,4 The MIR can also be used for international benchmarking because high quality incidence and mortality data are generally available from most countries, and the MIR is straightforward to calculate.¹

The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) is calculated by dividing the number of deaths for a selected cancer type in a given year by the number of newly diagnosed cases for that cancer in the same year. Generally, the MIR is used as a crude measure of the fatality of a particular cancer and can be interpreted as follows:

MIR less than 1 would indicate that fewer people died from a particular cancer than were diagnosed with that cancer in a given year.
MIR of 1 would indicate that the same number of people died from a particular cancer as were newly diagnosed with that cancer in a given year.
MIR of greater than 1 would indicate that more people died from a particular cancer than were diagnosed in a given year.

As MIR is a ratio of two measures which may be changing over time, for various reasons, the MIR should be interpreted with caution, particularly when examining MIR trends. For instance, decreasing MIR over time could be driven by either improvements in survival (decreasing mortality) or improvements in diagnosing a particular cancer (increasing incidence), or a combination of both. Additional contextual information is required to interpret differences in MIR by cancer type and how these may be changing over time.¹

Current status

In 2016, the MIR for all cancers combined in Australia was 0.34. Of the selected cancer types analysed, those for which MIRs were markedly higher (indicating shorter survival) than all cancers combined included oesophageal cancer (0.90), liver cancer (0.87), pancreatic cancer (0.86), brain cancer (0.82) and ovarian cancer (0.74). Selected cancer types with lower MIRs (indicating longer survival) than for all cancers combined in 2016 included melanoma (0.09), breast cancer (0.17), colon cancer (0.17), prostate cancer (0.17), uterine cancer (0.19), head and neck cancers, including lip (0.24), Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (0.28), and cervical cancer (0.29).

By sex

In 2016, the MIR for all cancers combined was similar for males (0.35) and females (0.33). Cancer types where there were notable differences in the MIR between males and females included bladder cancer (0.34 for males, 0.45 for females), liver cancer (0.79 for males, 1.10 for females), and rectal cancer (0.49 for males, 0.60 for females).

International comparisons

The MIRs for Australians are among the lowest for all cancers combined, and for 7 of 14 cancer types examined, when compared with selected developed countries. Australia’s relatively low MIRs suggest that cancer survival in Australia is high compared with similar developed countries.

In 2018, among selected developed countries, Australia had the second-lowest MIR for all cancers combined (0.35) and the lowest MIR for lung (0.67), melanoma (0.11), and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (0.27).

Trends

From 1982 to 2016, the MIR for all cancers combined in Australia decreased from 0.52 to 0.34 (indicating improved survival). Similar trends were observed for both males (from 0.56 to 0.35) and females (from 0.49 to 0.33) over this period. MIRs also decreased from 1982 to 2016 for most cancer types analysed; notable decreases were observed for breast cancer in females (0.37 to 0.17), colon cancer (0.59 to 0.17), liver cancer (1.24 to 0.87), lung cancer (0.89 to 0.69), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (0.50 to 0.22), and prostate cancer (0.38 to 0.17). These changes are consistent with the improved 5-year relative survival for these cancers observed over a similar period (see 5-year relative survival).

In 2016, MIRs increased from 1982 for brain (0.78 to 0.82) and ovarian cancer (0.70 to 0.74). The MIR for bladder cancer increased from 0.28 to 0.36, this is likely due to changes in coding practice and age at diagnosis over time.¹ The MIR for rectal cancer decreased from 0.37 in 1982 to 0.27 in 1996, and has since increased to 0.53 in 2016. This pattern mirrors that of the age-standardised mortality rate for rectal cancer (see Cancer Mortality), and may be due in part to changes in the way deaths attributed to bowel cancer are coded to specific sites of the digestive organs.⁶

About the data

Data sources for this measure are:

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2020. Cancer data in Australia. Canberra: AIHW.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN 2018 database for international data, which contains cancer incidence and mortality data from cancer registries around the world.

For national data, Cancer data in Australia (2020) contains incidence data from 1982 to 2016 and mortality data from 1968 to 2018. Further details on the methodology and relevant caveats are available from Cancer data in Australia.¹

The following cancer types have been included in the analyses of national data:

Cancer type and ICD-10 codes – ACIM Books
All cancers combined (C00–C97,D45, D46, D47.1, D47.3–D47.5)	Lung (C33–C34)
Bladder (C67)	Melanoma of the skin (C43)
Brain (C71)	Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (C82–C86)
Breast (C50)	Oesophagus (C15)
Cervix (C53)	Ovary (C56)
Colon (C18)	Pancreas (C25)
Colorectal (C18-C20)	Prostate (C61)
Head and neck incl. lip (C00–C14, C30–C32)	Rectum (C19-C20)
Liver (C22)	Uterus (C54-C55)

Unknown primary site (C80) has not been included in the analysis due to confounding impact of changes to ICD-10 code attribution for this cancer type.

For the international data, the incidence and mortality data are projected estimates for 2018 based on data provided by national statistical agencies and registries.⁵ For further details on the methodology for collecting these data, as well as relevant caveats, please refer to the ‘Data sources and methods’ section of the IARC GLOBOCAN 2018 website.⁵

The following cancer types have been included in the analyses of international data:

Cancer type and ICD codes – GLOBOCAN 2018
All cancers combined excluding non-melanoma skin cancer (C00-97, excluding C44)
Bladder (C67)	Melanoma of skin (C43)
Brain, nervous system (C70-72)	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (C82-86,C96)
Breast (C50)	Oesophagus (C15)
Cervix (C53)	Ovary (C56)
Colorectal (C18-21)	Pancreas (C25)
Liver (C22)	Prostate (C61)
Lung (C33-34)	Uterus (C54)

References

References

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017. Cancer in Australia: an overview 2017. Cancer series no. 101. Cat. no. CAN 100. Canberra: AIHW.
Sunkara V and Hebert JR 2015. The colorectal cancer mortality-to-incidence ratio as an indicator of global cancer screening and care. Cancer 121:1563–1569.
Hebert JR, Daguise VG, Hurley DM et al. 2009. Mapping cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios to illustrate racial and sex disparities in a high-risk population. Cancer 115(11):2539–2552.
Feletto E and Sitas F 2015. Quantifying disparities in cancer incidence and mortality of Australian residents of New South Wales (NSW) by place of birth: an ecological study. BMC Public Health 15:823.
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 08 October 2018.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2016. Causes of death, Australia, 2015: complexities in the measurement of bowel cancer in Australia. ABS cat no. 3303.0. Canberra: ABS.

Summary

Cancer MIRs in Australia are among the lowest in the developed worldBased on 2018 projected estimates, Australia’s MIRs were the second-lowest for all cancers combined excluding non-melanoma skin cancers (0.35), and for 7 of 14 cancer types examined, when compared with selected developed countries (range for all cancers combined - 0.31 to 0.60).

The MIRs for most cancer types in Australia have decreased over timeSince 1982, MIRs have decreased (an indication of higher survival) for almost all cancer types analysed.

MIRs were higher for cancers of the brain, liver, pancreas, oesophagus, and ovaryIn 2016, MIRs were higher for cancers of the brain (0.82), liver (0.87), pancreas (0.86), oesophagus (0.90), and ovary (0.74). Melanoma had the lowest MIR (0.09).

Revision Type

Major

Version Number

1.2

National Cancer Control Indicators

Mortality-to-incidence ratio

Data

Summary

Cancer MIRs in Australia are among the lowest in the developed world

The MIRs for most cancer types in Australia have decreased over time

MIRs were higher for cancers of the brain, liver, pancreas, oesophagus, and ovary

Related features

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Data

Summary

Cancer MIRs in Australia are among the lowest in the developed world

The MIRs for most cancer types in Australia have decreased over time

MIRs were higher for cancers of the brain, liver, pancreas, oesophagus, and ovary

Related features

Childhood cancer stage at diagnosis and survival

Relative survival by stage at diagnosis 2011–2016, a snapshot in time